Methods and apparatus for selectively extracting and loading register states

ABSTRACT

Integrated circuits may include registers that store register states. Only a subset of the registers may store critical register states. The subset of registers may be specially demarcated, such as using synthesis directions in the hardware description, and may be coupled to dedicated extraction/loading circuitry. The extraction/loading circuitry may be implemented using soft or hard logic or can leverage existing programming or debugging circuitry on a programmable integrated circuit. The extraction/loading mechanism may also be implemented using multiplexers and associated control circuitry, scan chain circuitry, a memory-mapped interface, a tool-instantiated or user-instantiated finite state machine, or external memory interface logic. Accessing critical register states in this way can help improve efficiency with live migration events, debugging, retiming, and other integrated circuit operations.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/197,448, filed Jun. 29, 2016, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. This application claims the benefit ofand claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/197,448,filed Jun. 29, 2016.

BACKGROUND

Integrated circuits often contain registers for storing register states.A typical integrated circuit may hold hundreds or thousands of registerstates during normal operation of the integrated circuit.

During debugging operations (as an example), it would be very timeconsuming to have to exhaustively monitor all of the register states onthe integrated circuit. As another example, during retiming operations,it would be very time consuming to have to check the performance impactof moving every single register on the integrated circuit. As yetanother example, it would be very inefficient to have to transfer allregister states from one integrated circuit to another during a livemigration event (i.e., an event where running of an application istransferred from one computing resource to another).

It is within this context that the embodiments described herein arise.

SUMMARY

An integrated circuit is provided that includes registers. A portion ofthe registers that store critical register states may be speciallydemarcated using synthesis directives in a hardware description (as anexample), and these critical registers may be coupled to accesscircuitry that can selectively extract and/or load data into thecritical registers.

The access circuitry may be implemented using various embodiments, whichare not mutually exclusive to one another. As examples, the accesscircuitry may be implemented using multiplexing circuits inserted at theinputs and outputs of the critical registers, using scan chaincircuitry, leverage existing programming logic on the integratedcircuit, using a memory-mapped interface, using existing debuggingfabric on the integrated circuit, using a tool-instantiated oruser-instantiated finite state machine, and/or using control logic thatextracts the critical register states onto an external memory coupled tothe integrated circuit.

Configured as such, the access circuitry can help extract and load dataduring live migration events in which critical register states areextracted from a source server and loaded into a destination server. Thecritical register states may be stored in a programmable coprocessorthat is coupled to a host processor, where the coprocessor is operatedas a hardware accelerator to help improve the performance of virtualmachines running on the host processor. If desired, the synthesisdirectives can also help speed up debugging, retiming, and otherintegrated circuit design procedures.

Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantageswill be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and followingdetailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an illustrative programmable integrated circuitin accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an illustrative integrated circuit havingregisters that store register states in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a circuit design system that may be used todesign integrated circuits in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of illustrative computer-aided design (CAD) toolsthat may be used in a circuit design system in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of illustrative steps for designing an integratedcircuit in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of an illustrative network functions virtualization(NFV) platform that includes a host processing unit coupled to aprogrammable hardware accelerator in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating circuitry involved in extracting andmigrating critical register states from one NFV server to another NFVserver in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of illustrative steps involved in migratingcritical register states from one NFV server to another in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing additional loading and extracting logic thatcan be placed around critical registers in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing illustrative scan chain circuitry that canbe used to extract and/or load critical register states in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing how existing programming logic on aprogrammable integrated circuit can be used to extract and/or loadcritical register states in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing how a memory-mapped interface can be usedto extract and/or load critical register states in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing how existing debugging circuitry on anintegrated circuit can be used to extract and/or load critical registerstates in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 14A is a diagram showing how a CAD-tool instantiated finite statemachine can be used to extract and/or load critical register states inaccordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 14B is a diagram showing how a user instantiated finite statemachine can be used to extract and/or load critical register states inaccordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a diagram showing how critical register states can beaccessed via external memory in accordance with an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present invention relate to efficient ways forextracting and/or loading critical register states on an integratedcircuit. It will be recognized by one skilled in the art, that thepresent exemplary embodiments may be practiced without some or all ofthese specific details. In other instances, well-known operations havenot been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure thepresent embodiments.

Integrated circuits such as programmable integrated circuits typicallyinclude registers for storing register states. However, only a subset ofthe register states may be deemed critical for proper functionality andoptimal performance of the integrated circuit. This special subset ofregisters that store “critical register states” may be uniquelyidentified using special comments in software (e.g., using synthesisdirectives in the hardware description language code).

Marked in this way, various critical register state extracting/loadingmechanisms (sometimes referred to as register state access circuitry)may be implemented to extract and load critical register states on aprogrammable integrated circuit. Selectively identifying and accessingcritical registers in this way can help improve the efficiency of manyintegrated circuit applications, including live migration of networkfunctions virtualization (NFV) platforms, debugging, timing analysis,etc.

An illustrative embodiment of an integrated circuit such as aprogrammable logic device (PLD) 10 that may be designed usingcomputer-aided design tools is shown in FIG. 1. Programmable logicdevice 10 may have input-output (I/O) circuitry 13 for driving signalsoff of PLD 10 and for receiving signals from other devices. Input-output(I/O) circuitry 13 may include conventional input-output (I/O)circuitry, serial data transceiver circuitry, differential receiver andtransmitter circuitry, or other circuitry used to connect one integratedcircuit to another integrated circuit.

Programmable logic regions may include programmable components such asdigital signal processing circuitry 12, storage circuitry 16, or othercombinational and sequential logic circuitry organized in logic arrayblocks (LABs) 11. The programmable logic regions may be configured toperform a custom logic function. If desired, the programmable logicregion may include digital signal processing circuitry 12 and storagecircuitry 16 which both may be organized in specialized processingblocks that have limited configurability. The programmable logic regionmay include additional specialized processing blocks such asprogrammable phase-locked loop circuitry, programmable delay-locked loopcircuitry, or other specialized processing blocks with limitedconfigurability.

The circuitry of programmable logic device 10 may be organized using anysuitable architecture. As an example, the logic of programmable logicdevice 10 may be organized in a series of rows and columns of largerprogrammable logic regions each of which contains multiple smaller logicregions. The smaller regions may be, for example, regions of logic thatare sometimes referred to as logic elements (LEs) or basic logicelements (BLEs), each containing a look-up table, one or more registers,and programmable multiplexer circuitry. The smaller regions may also be,for example, regions of logic that are sometimes referred to as adaptivelogic modules (ALMs), configurable logic blocks (CLBs), slice,half-slice, etc. Each adaptive logic module may include a pair ofadders, a pair of associated registers and a look-up table or otherblock of shared combinational logic (i.e., resources from a pair ofLEs—sometimes referred to as adaptive logic elements or ALEs in thiscontext). The larger regions may be, for example, logic array blocks(LABs) or logic clusters of regions of logic containing multiple logicelements or multiple ALMs. The LABs 11 may also be referred to as “logicsectors,” or “sectors of logic fabric.” Generally, regions in PLD 10that contain multiple LABs may be referred to as the “logic fabric” ofthe PLD 10.

Vertical interconnection resources 14 and horizontal interconnectionresources 15 such as global and local vertical and horizontal conductivelines and buses may be used to route signals on PLD 10. Vertical andhorizontal interconnection resources 14 and 15 include conductive linesand programmable connections between respective conductive lines and aretherefore sometimes referred to as programmable interconnects.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing how device 10 may include storage circuitssuch as registers 30. Registers 30 may be clock-triggered latches forstoring data. The data that is held by registers 30 are sometimesreferred to as register states. A portion of the registers may storecritical states and can be referred to as critical registers 30′.Registers 30′ store critical register states. The critical registerstates may be more important than non-critical register states. Thus, itmay be more efficient to selectively access only the critical registerstates instead of all register states on device 10.

Computer-aided design (CAD) tools in a circuit design system may be usedto identify which register 30 holds the critical register states. Inresponse to identifying the critical registers, the CAD tools mayconnect the critical registers to dedicated circuitry for extracting thecritical states or to load critical states into the registers.

An illustrative circuit design system 400 in accordance with anembodiment is shown in FIG. 3. Circuit design system 400 may beimplemented on integrated circuit design computing equipment. Forexample, system 400 may be based on one or more processors such aspersonal computers, workstations, etc. The processor(s) may be linkedusing a network (e.g., a local or wide area network). Memory in thesecomputers or external memory and storage devices such as internal and/orexternal hard disks may be used to store instructions and data.

Software-based components such as computer-aided design tools 420 anddatabases 430 reside on system 400. During operation, executablesoftware such as the software of computer aided design tools 420 runs onthe processor(s) of system 400. Databases 430 are used to store data forthe operation of system 400. In general, software and data may be storedon any computer-readable medium (storage) in system 400. Such storagemay include computer memory chips, removable and fixed media such ashard disk drives, flash memory, compact discs (CDs), digital versatilediscs (DVDs), Blu-ray discs (BDs), other optical media, and floppydiskettes, tapes, or any other suitable memory or storage device(s).When the software of system 400 is installed, the storage of system 400has instructions and data that cause the computing equipment in system400 to execute various processes. When performing these processes, thecomputing equipment is configured to implement the functions of thecircuit design system.

The computer aided design (CAD) tools 420, some or all of which aresometimes referred to collectively as a CAD tool, a circuit design tool,or an electronic design automation (EDA) tool, may be provided by asingle vendor or by multiple vendors. Tools 420 may be provided as oneor more suites of tools (e.g., a compiler suite for performing tasksassociated with implementing a circuit design in a programmable logicdevice) and/or as one or more separate software components (tools).Database(s) 430 may include one or more databases that are accessed onlyby a particular tool or tools and may include one or more shareddatabases. Shared databases may be accessed by multiple tools. Forexample, a first tool may store data for a second tool in a shareddatabase. The second tool may access the shared database to retrieve thedata stored by the first tool. This allows one tool to pass informationto another tool. Tools may also pass information between each otherwithout storing information in a shared database if desired.

Illustrative computer aided design tools 520 that may be used in acircuit design system such as circuit design system 400 of FIG. 3 areshown in FIG. 4. The design process may start with the formulation offunctional specifications of the integrated circuit design (e.g., afunctional or behavioral description of the integrated circuit design).A circuit designer may specify the functional operation of a desiredcircuit design using design and constraint entry tools 564. Design andconstraint entry tools 564 may include tools such as design andconstraint entry aid 566 and design editor 568. Design and constraintentry aids such as aid 566 may be used to help a circuit designer locatea desired design from a library of existing circuit designs and mayprovide computer-aided assistance to the circuit designer for entering(specifying) the desired circuit design.

As an example, design and constraint entry aid 566 may be used topresent screens of options for a user. The user may click on on-screenoptions to select whether the circuit being designed should have certainfeatures. Design editor 568 may be used to enter a design (e.g., byentering lines of hardware description language code), may be used toedit a design obtained from a library (e.g., using a design andconstraint entry aid), or may assist a user in selecting and editingappropriate prepackaged code/designs.

Design and constraint entry tools 564 may be used to allow a circuitdesigner to provide a desired circuit design using any suitable format.For example, design and constraint entry tools 564 may include toolsthat allow the circuit designer to enter a circuit design using truthtables. Truth tables may be specified using text files or timingdiagrams and may be imported from a library. Truth table circuit designand constraint entry may be used for a portion of a large circuit or foran entire circuit.

As another example, design and constraint entry tools 564 may include aschematic capture tool. A schematic capture tool may allow the circuitdesigner to visually construct integrated circuit designs fromconstituent parts such as logic gates and groups of logic gates.Libraries of preexisting integrated circuit designs may be used to allowa desired portion of a design to be imported with the schematic capturetools.

If desired, design and constraint entry tools 564 may allow the circuitdesigner to provide a circuit design description to the circuit designsystem 400 using a hardware description language such as Veriloghardware description language (Verilog HDL), Very High Speed IntegratedCircuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL), SystemVerilog, or ahigher-level circuit description language such as OpenCL or SystemC,just to name a few. The designer of the integrated circuit design canenter the circuit design by writing hardware description language codewith editor 568. Blocks of code may be imported from user-maintained orcommercial libraries if desired.

After the design has been entered using design and constraint entrytools 564, behavioral simulation tools 572 may be used to simulate thefunctional performance of the circuit design. If the functionalperformance of the design is incomplete or incorrect, the circuitdesigner can make changes to the circuit design using design andconstraint entry tools 564. The functional operation of the new circuitdesign may be verified using behavioral simulation tools 572 beforesynthesis operations have been performed using tools 574. Simulationtools such as behavioral simulation tools 572 may also be used at otherstages in the design flow if desired (e.g., after logic synthesis). Theoutput of the behavioral simulation tools 572 may be provided to thecircuit designer in any suitable format (e.g., truth tables, timingdiagrams, etc.).

Once the functional operation of the circuit design has been determinedto be satisfactory, logic synthesis and optimization tools 574 maygenerate a gate-level netlist of the circuit design, for example usinggates from a particular library pertaining to a targeted processsupported by a foundry, which has been selected to produce theintegrated circuit. Alternatively, logic synthesis and optimizationtools 574 may generate a gate-level netlist of the circuit design usinggates of a targeted programmable logic device (i.e., in the logic andinterconnect resources of a particular programmable logic device productor product family).

Logic synthesis and optimization tools 574 may optimize the design bymaking appropriate selections of hardware to implement different logicfunctions in the circuit design based on the circuit design data andconstraint data entered by the logic designer using tools 564. As anexample, logic synthesis and optimization tools 574 may perform registerretiming on the circuit design based on the length of a combinationalpath between registers in the circuit design and corresponding timingconstraints that were entered by the logic designer using tools 564.

After logic synthesis and optimization using tools 574, the circuitdesign system may use tools such as placement, routing, and physicalsynthesis tools 576 to perform physical design steps (layout synthesisoperations). Tools 576 can be used to determine where to place each gateof the gate-level netlist produced by tools 574. For example, if twocounters interact with each other, tools 576 may locate these countersin adjacent regions to reduce interconnect delays or to satisfy timingrequirements specifying the maximum permitted interconnect delay. Tools576 create orderly and efficient implementations of circuit designs forany targeted integrated circuit (e.g., for a given programmableintegrated circuit such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)).

Tools such as tools 574 and 576 may be part of a compiler suite (e.g.,part of a suite of compiler tools provided by a programmable logicdevice vendor). In certain embodiments, tools such as tools 574, 576,and 578 may also include timing analysis tools such as timingestimators. This allows tools 574 and 576 to satisfy performancerequirements (e.g., timing requirements) before actually producing theintegrated circuit.

As an example, tools 574 and 576 may perform register retiming by movingregisters through combinational logic (e.g., through logic AND, OR, XOR,and other suitable gates, look-up tables (LUTs), multiplexers,arithmetic operators, etc.). Tools 574 and 576 may push registersforward or backward across combinational logic as illustrated in FIG. 2.Physical synthesis tools 576 used in this way can therefore also be usedto perform register retiming.

After an implementation of the desired circuit design has been generatedusing tools 576, the implementation of the design may be analyzed andtested using analysis tools 578. For example, analysis tools 578 mayinclude timing analysis tools, power analysis tools, or formalverification tools, just to name few.

After satisfactory optimization operations have been completed usingtools 520 and depending on the targeted integrated circuit technology,tools 520 may produce a mask-level layout description of the integratedcircuit or configuration data for programming the programmable logicdevice.

Illustrative operations involved in using tools 520 of FIG. 4 to producethe mask-level layout description of the integrated circuit are shown inFIG. 5. As shown in FIG. 5, a circuit designer may first provide adesign specification 602. The design specification 602 may, in general,be a behavioral description provided in the form of an application code(e.g., C code, C++ code, SystemC code, OpenCL code, etc.). In somescenarios, the design specification may be provided in the form of aregister transfer level (RTL) description 606.

The RTL description may have any form of describing circuit functions atthe register transfer level. For example, RTL description 606 may beprovided using a hardware description language such as the Veriloghardware description language (Verilog HDL or Verilog), theSystemVerilog hardware description language (SystemVerilog HDL orSystemVerilog), or the Very High Speed Integrated Circuit HardwareDescription Language (VHDL). If desired, a portion or all of the RTLdescription may be provided as a schematic representation.

In general, the behavioral design specification 602 may include untimedor partially timed functional code (i.e., the application code does notdescribe cycle-by-cycle hardware behavior), whereas the RTL description606 may include a fully timed design description that details thecycle-by-cycle behavior of the circuit at the register transfer level.

Design specification 602 or RTL description 606 may also include targetcriteria such as area use, power consumption, delay minimization, clockfrequency optimization, or any combination thereof. The optimizationconstraints and target criteria may be collectively referred to asconstraints.

Those constraints can be provided for individual data paths, portions ofindividual data paths, portions of a design, or for the entire design.For example, the constraints may be provided with the designspecification 602, the RTL description 606 (e.g., as a pragma or as anassertion), in a constraint file, or through user input (e.g., using thedesign and constraint entry tools 564 of FIG. 4), to name a few.

At step 604, behavioral synthesis (sometimes also referred to asalgorithmic synthesis) may be performed to convert the behavioraldescription into an RTL description 606. Step 604 may be skipped if thedesign specification is already provided in form of an RTL description.

At step 618, behavioral simulation tools 572 may perform an RTLsimulation of the RTL description, which may verify the functionalperformance of the RTL description. If the functional performance of theRTL description is incomplete or incorrect, the circuit designer canmake changes to the HDL code (as an example). During RTL simulation 618,actual results obtained from simulating the behavior of the RTLdescription may be compared with expected results.

During step 608, logic synthesis operations may generate gate-leveldescription 610 using logic synthesis and optimization tools 574 fromFIG. 4. If desired, logic synthesis operations may perform registerretiming according to the constraints that are included in designspecification 602 or RTL description 606. The output of logic synthesis608 is gate-level description 610.

During step 612, placement operations using for example placement tools576 of FIG. 4 may place the different gates in gate-level description610 in a preferred location on the targeted integrated circuit to meetgiven target criteria (e.g., minimize area and maximize routingefficiency or minimize path delay and maximize clock frequency or anycombination thereof). The output of placement 612 is placed gate-leveldescription 613.

During step 615, routing operations using for example routing tools 576of FIG. 4 may connect the gates from the placed gate-level description613. Routing operations may attempt to meet given target criteria (e.g.,minimize congestion, minimize path delay and maximize clock frequency orany combination thereof). The output of routing 615 is a mask-levellayout description 616 (sometimes referred to as routed gate-leveldescription 616).

While placement and routing is being performed at steps 612 and 615,physical synthesis operations 617 may be concurrently performed tofurther modify and optimize the circuit design (e.g., using physicalsynthesis tools 576 of FIG. 4). If desired, register retiming operationsmay be performed during physical synthesis step 617. For example,registers in the placed gate-level description 613 or the routedgate-level description 616 may be moved around according to theconstraints that are included in design specification 602 or RTLdescription 606.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, circuitdesign system 400 can sometimes be used to mark a selected group of oneor more registers as “critical.” For example, a register may be denotedas being a critical register using exemplary synthesis directives aroundone or more register declaration as follows in either designspecification 602 or RTL description 606:

reg [8:0] out1

// synthesis start_critical_state

reg [7:0] out2

reg [6:0] out3

// synthesis end_critical_state

reg [7:0] out4

. . .

In the code above, a first 9-bit register having an output out1, asecond 8-bit register having an output out2, a third 7-bit registerhaving an output out3, and a fourth 8-bit register having an output out4have been specified. The synthesis directives (comments) “// synthesisstart_critical_state” and “// synthesis end_critical_state” may be usedmark which registers hold the critical register states. In the exampleabove, the second and third registers having outputs out2 and out3(surrounded by the special synthesis directives) are denoted ascritical, whereas the first and fourth registers having outputs out1 andout4 (sitting outside the start and end synthesis directives) are markedas non-critical.

The synthesis tools (e.g., behavioral synthesis tools 572 or logicsynthesis tools 574 of FIG. 4) will recognize these synthesis directivesand will connect only the critical registers to specialized logic forstate extraction and loading. Accessing only the critical registersinstead of having to iterate through every single register state on theintegrated circuit can help simplify routing complexity while alsoreducing processing time. Using synthesis directives to demarcatecritical registers in the hardware description code is merelyillustrative and does not serve to limit the scope of the presentembodiments. If desired, other suitable ways of uniquely identifying thelocation of the critical register states may be employed.

One application in which selective extraction/loading of criticalregister states may be helpful is in the context of a network functionsvirtualization (NFV) platform and, in particular, in the migration ofcritical register states from one NFV server to another.

Conventionally, complex networks are built using fragmented,non-commodity hardware. When expanding or upgrading the network, newapplication-specific hardware needs to be installed, which not onlyincreases deployment costs for existing vendors but also presents alarge barrier to entry for new vendors, limiting innovation andcompetition.

In an effort to accelerate the deployment of new network services tosatisfy the ever increasing consumer demand for improved network speedand reliability, vendors (e.g., telecommunications operators or serviceproviders such AT&T, Verizon, British Telecom, etc.) have come togetherand created the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)Industry Specification Group (ISG). The ETSI ISG has since introducedvirtualization technologies that can be applied to networkingtechnologies to create a more intelligent and more agile serviceinfrastructure. This concept of running network functions such as thoseperformed traditionally by application-specific routers, firewalls, loadbalancers, content delivery networks (CDN), broadband network gateways(BNG), network address translators (NAT), domain name systems (DNS), andother networking devices in software on commodity hardware is sometimesreferred to as Network Functions Virtualization (NFV).

To further enhance the achievable speed of the virtualized networks, acommodity CPU may be coupled to a hardware accelerator or a“coprocessor.” In accordance with an embodiment, the hardwareaccelerator may be a programmable integrated circuit such asprogrammable logic device 10 of the type described in connection withFIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of an illustrative NFV platform 300 where a hostintegrated circuit (sometimes referred to as a central processing unitor CPU) 302 is coupled to a hardware accelerator coprocessor such as aprogrammable integrated circuit 350. As shown in FIG. 6, a hostoperating system (host OS) 304 may be loaded on device 302, andsoftware/firmware running on host IC 302 may include at least ahypervisor such as hypervisor 308 that is sometimes considered to bepart of host OS 304 and N associated virtual machines 306 (e.g., virtualmachines 306-1, 306-2, . . . , 306-n).

Hypervisor 308 may serve as a virtual machine monitor (VMM) that runsone or more virtual machines 306 on server 300. Each virtual machine 306may be referred to as a “guest machine” and may each run a guestoperating system (OS). Hypervisor 308 presents the guest operatingsystems with a virtual operating platform and manages the execution ofthe guest operating systems while sharing virtualized hardwareresources. Hypervisor 308 may run directly on the host's hardware (as atype-1 bare metal hypervisor) or may run on top of an existing hostoperating system (as a type-2 hosted hypervisor). If desired, additionalparavirtualization drivers and tools (not shown) may be used to helpeach guest virtual machine communicate more efficiently with theunderlying physical hardware.

Host IC 302 may communicate with coprocessor 350 via interface 312.Interface 312 may, as an example, be a Peripheral Component InterconnectExpress (PCIe) interface. The use of a PCIe bus to connect CPU 302 andcoprocessor 350 is merely illustrative. If desired, other types ofinput-output interface technologies can be used, including the IndustryStandard Architecture (ISA) bus standard, the Micro Channel Architecture(MCA) bus standard, the Video Electronics Standards Association LocalBus (VESA) bus standard, the legacy PCI bus standard, the AcceleratedGraphics Port (AGP) bus standard, the Universal Serial Bus (USB)standard, the Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) busstandard, etc.

Still referring to FIG. 6, coprocessor 350 may also include at least amemory controller 358 (e.g., a memory controller for interfacing withexternal memory 360 that is directly coupled to coprocessor 350), dataswitching circuitry 356, and one or more virtual function hardwareaccelerators 366. Each accelerator 366 may serve to provide hardwareacceleration for one or more of the virtual machines 306 running on hostprocessor 302. Data switching circuitry 356 may be configured to routedata among the accelerators 366 and to interface with host processor302. Accelerators 366 may also be able to communicate directly withmemory controller 358 via path 359.

In accordance with an embodiment, each virtual function hardwareaccelerator 366 may have associated registers storing register states.In most scenarios, only a subset of these registers hold criticalstates. During live migration events in which operation at a sourceserver is being migrated to a destination server, it may be desirable toprovide an efficient way of transferring over register states ofhardware accelerators 366 without having to migrate over all existingregister states within coprocessor 350. Thus, only critical registerstates associated with specially demarcated registers 30′ may bemigrated during a live migration event.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating circuitry involved in extracting andmigrating critical register states from one NFV server to another NFVserver in accordance with an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 7,applications running on a first (source) server that includes hostprocessor 302-A and coprocessor 350-A may be migrated to a second(destination) server that includes host processor 302-B and coprocessor350-B. In the example of FIG. 7, only one instance of virtual machines306 (e.g., virtual machine VM1) and hardware accelerators 366 (e.g.,accelerator B) are shown in both source and destination servers in orderto not unnecessarily obscure the present embodiments. However, it isunderstood that host processors 302-A and 302-B may host other virtualmachines 306 while coprocessors 350-A and 350-B include additionalcorresponding instances of virtual function hardware accelerators 366(see, e.g., FIG. 6).

In particular, coprocessor 350-A may include acceleratorextracting/loading mechanism 368-A that can be used to extract criticalregister states from registers 30′ associated with accelerator B withincoprocessor 350-A. Mechanism 368-A may only be coupled to the criticalregisters 30′ that have been specially marked using critical registerstate synthesis directives. Similarly, coprocessor 350-B may includeaccelerator extracting/loading mechanism 368-B that can be used to loadthe migrated critical register states into registers 30′ associated withaccelerator B within coprocessor 350-B. Mechanism 368-B may only becoupled to the critical registers 30′ that have been specially marked bythe synthesis directives. Configured in this way, circuitries 368-A and368-B are connected to critical registers 30′ associated with thevirtual function hardware accelerators to facilitate extraction ofcritical register states in the source NFV server and loading of theextracted critical register states in the destination NFV server.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of illustrative steps involved in migratingcritical register states from one NFV server to another in accordancewith an embodiment. At step 800, host OS 304 may set up virtual machineVM1 on host processor 302-A to perform transactions using accelerator Bon coprocessor 350-A. At step 802, host IC 302-A may receive a requestto migrate transactions from host processor 302-A to host processor302-B. At step 804, host processor 302-A may complete all pendingtransactions for virtual machine VM1 and then temporarily disableaccelerator B on coprocessor 350-A (e.g., by sending commands from hostprocessor 302-A to coprocessor 350-A via path 370). This is merelyillustrative. If desired, migration can occur without having to disableany hardware accelerators.

At step 806, host processor 302-A may utilize extraction mechanism 368-Ato unload critical register states from registers 30′ within acceleratorB. At step 808, operations associated with virtual machine VM1 and theextracted critical register states may be migrated from the source NFVserver to the destination NFV server. For example, critical registerstates may be conveyed from extraction mechanism 368-A to host processor302-A via path 372 and may then be migrated to the new host processor302-B via path 374.

At step 810, host processor 302-B may pass the newly received criticalregister states to loading mechanism 368-B via path 376. Loadingmechanism may then write the critical register states into correspondingcritical registers 30′ within accelerator B of coprocessor 350-B. Atstep 812, host OS 304 on processor 302-B may set up virtual machine VM1on host processor 302-B to resume transactions using accelerator B oncoprocessor 350-B (e.g., by sending control and data signals from hostprocessor 302-B to coprocessor 350-B via path 378). After live migrationis complete, network operations may continue to be processed at thedestination server.

These steps are merely illustrative. The existing steps of FIG. 8 may bemodified or omitted; some of the steps may be performed in parallel;additional steps may be added; and the order of certain steps may bereversed or altered.

As described above, an integrated circuit may include anextraction/loading mechanism for accessing critical register states. Thecritical register states may be stored in specially identified registersthat have been marked by the designer during synthesis operations. Thereare various different ways of implementing the extraction/loadingmechanism to efficiently access the critical registers on a programmableintegrated circuit.

In accordance with one suitable arrangement, FIG. 9 shows additionalloading and extracting logic that can be placed around the criticalregisters. As shown in FIG. 9, critical register 30′ may, for example,be a digital flip-flop having a data input (D) terminal, a data output(Q) terminal, and a clock control terminal. A first multiplexing circuitsuch as multiplexer 902 may be inserted at the data input terminal ofregister 30′, whereas a second multiplexing circuit such asde-multiplexer 904 may be inserted at the data output terminal ofregister 30′.

Multiplexer 902 may have a first (0) input terminal that receives inputsignals from a previous register stage, a second (1) input terminal thatreceives register states from state loading logic 906, a controlterminal, and an output that is connected to input D of register 30′.De-multiplexer 904 may have an input terminal that is connected tooutput Q of register 30′, a first (0) output terminal that feeds outputsignals to a succeeding register stage, a second (1) output terminal isfeeds signals to state extraction logic 908, and a control terminal. Thecontrol terminals of both multiplexing circuits 902 and 904 may receivecontrol signals from extract/load control logic 900.

Configured in this way, control logic 900, multiplexing circuits 902 and904, state loading logic 906, and state extracting logic 908 may servecollectively as the critical register state extraction/loadingcircuitry. To extract critical register states, control logic 900 mayconfigure de-multiplexer 904 to output signals to state extraction logic908 (e.g., by applying a logic “1” control bit to the control terminalof de-multiplexer 904). To load a new critical register state intoregister 30′, control logic 900 may configured multiplexer 902 to passthrough signals supplied by state loading logic 906 (e.g., by applying alogic “1” control bit to the control terminal of multiplexer 902). Ingeneral, logic circuits 900, 906, and 908 may be implemented using“soft” logic (i.e., reconfigurable logic circuitry) or “hard” logic(i.e., non-reconfigurable logic circuitry) on the programmableintegrated circuit.

The example of FIG. 9 in which logic circuits 900, 906, and 908 areformed around a single critical register 30′ to facilitate stateextraction/loading is merely illustrative. If desired, all registers 30′storing critical register states (e.g., registers that have beenuniquely marked using synthesis directives) may be provided with logiccircuits 900, 906, and 908 and associated multiplexing circuits 902 and904 to help extract and load critical register states in an efficientmanner.

In accordance with another suitable arrangement, scan chain circuitrymay be implemented around the critical registers to extract and/or loadthe critical register states. FIG. 10 shows a series of registers 30′storing critical register states, where combinational logic isinterposed between each successive pair of registers 30′. As shown inFIG. 10, a first multiplexing circuit such as multiplexer 1002-1 isplaced at the input of the first register 30′, a second multiplexingcircuit such as multiplexer 1002-2 is placed at the input of the secondregister 30′, and a third multiplexing circuit such as multiplexer1002-3 is placed at the input of the third register 30′. Multiplexers1002-1, 1002-2, and 1002-3 may be controlled by extraction/loadingcontrol logic 1000.

Configured in this way, the chain of registers 30′ may operate normallywhen multiplexers 1002 receive a logic “0” control bit from logic 1000(e.g., data input DIN and data output DOUT are active). During stateextracting/loading, however, control logic 1000 may supply a logic “1”control bit to each multiplexer 1002 to configure registers 30′ in ascan chain mode that effectively bypasses the combination logic circuits(e.g., scan input SCANIN and scan output SCANOUT are switched into use).In other words, control logic 1000 and multiplexers 1002 may servecollectively as the critical register state extraction/loadingcircuitry.

Loading state into registers 30′ via this method may be destructive ofthe existing state. However, extracting state from registers 30′ usingthis approach can be either destructive or non-destructive. To performdestruction extraction, a series of logic zeroes can be scanned in whilethe current states of registers 30′ are being scanned out. The state ofregisters 30′ after extraction will therefore be cleared to zeroes. Toperform non-destructive extraction, the destructive extraction can beperformed first, and then the extracted state can be loaded back in. Thenon-destructive approach can be more time consuming but state inregisters 30′ is preserved.

In general, the scan chain circuitry of FIG. 10 may be implemented usingsoft or hard logic on the programmable integrated circuit and can beformed around any registers 30′ storing critical register states (e.g.,registers that have been uniquely marked using synthesis directives) tohelp extract and load critical register states in an efficient manner.

In yet another suitable embodiment, existing programming logic circuitrysuch as programming logic 1100 and register scanning logic 1102 may beimplemented around the critical registers to extract and/or load thecritical register states (see, e.g., FIG. 11). FIG. 11 shows registers30′ that store critical register states and that are coupled to logiccircuits 1100 and 1102. Logic circuits 1100 and 1102 may be hardened(non-reconfigurable) logic blocks that already exist in programmableintegrated circuit 10 of FIG. 1 and are sometimes referred tocollectively as a logic sector management (LSM) module.

The LSM module is typically used to program configuration bits ontoconfiguration memory cells in the integrated circuit. Since the LSMmodule is also connected to the registers on the integrated circuit, theLSM module can be operated in reverse mode to help extract only thecritical register states. If desired, the LSM module can also be used toload in new register states into the critical registers during runtime(e.g., normal operation of device 10) and not just during deviceconfiguration operations. Using existing programming circuitry on device10 to extract and/or load critical register states does not add logic tothe user design, and standard drivers can be utilized to read and writecritical states to and from registers 30′.

In yet another suitable arrangement, the synthesis tools (e.g.,behavioral synthesis tools 572 or logic synthesis tools 574 of FIG. 4)may create a single memory-mapped port for reading and writing allcritical register states. As shown in FIG. 12, a memory-mapped interfacesuch as memory-mapped port 1200 that is connected to only the criticalregisters 30′ may be inserted into the integrated circuit design. Theload and unload operations for critical register can be done byperforming standard write and read operations on the memory mapped port.A simple standard memory-mapped protocol can be used so that no specialsoftware is needed to load and extract the critical register states.

If desired, any number of standard memory-mapped ports can be added toperform state extraction and loading. In general, the memory-mappedinterface circuitry of FIG. 12 may be implemented using soft or hardlogic on the programmable integrated circuit and can be coupled to anyregisters 30′ storing critical register states (e.g., registers thathave been uniquely marked using synthesis directives) to help extractand load critical register states in an efficient manner.

In accordance with another embodiment, the synthesis tools (e.g.,behavioral synthesis tools 572 or logic synthesis tools 574 of FIG. 4)may connect the critical registers to debugging circuitry that alreadyexists on programmable device 10. FIG. 13 shows existing debuggingfabric that includes a system level debug (SLD) controller such as SLDcontroller 1300, a debugging hub such as SLD hub 1302, and SLD nodes1304 each of which is coupled to a corresponding critical register 30′.For example, during synthesis (e.g., synthesis 604 or 606 of FIG. 5),SLD nodes 1304 may be attached to each identified critical registerdemarcated using synthesis directives (as an example). By exposingcritical registers 30′ to the SLD fabric, the critical register statescan be extractable or overwritten on demand.

SLD controller 1300 may, for example, be a Joint Test Action Group(JTAG) tap controller that uses the standard JTAG protocol to testintegrated circuits. Configured in this way, the JTAG tap controller1300 can extract critical register states on demand using standard SLDread-back transactions. By using existing debug circuitry onprogrammable device 10 to extract critical register states (not forconventional debugging purposes), no special software is needed to loadand extract the critical register states.

FIGS. 14A and 14B show yet other suitable arrangements for providing alow-impact paradigm for extracting and loading critical register states.FIG. 14A shows how synthesis tools (e.g., behavioral synthesis tools 572or logic synthesis tools 574 of FIG. 4) may insert a finite statemachine (FSM) such as tool-instantiated extract/load FSM 1400 that isconnected to critical registers 30′ via a standard interface. Finitestate machine 1400 may utilize a generic driver in the standardinterface to carry out load and unload state operations for any criticalregisters marked using synthesis directives (as an example).Tool-instantiated FSM 1400 may be configured to automatically loopthrough and access all critical register states without requiring theuser to input any address information. In other words, the user does nothave to know which registers are storing the critical states.

FIG. 14B shows an alternate embodiment in which the synthesis toolsinsert a user-instantiated FSM such as user-instantiated extract/loadFSM 1402. In contrast to the tool-instantiated version, the user mayelect which register to expose to FSM 1402. Regardless, FSM 1402 maystill load and unload critical register states via a standard interfacethat uses a pre-defined protocol. Finite state machine 1402 may alsoutilize a generic driver in the standard interface to carry out load andunload state operations for any registers selected by the user.

In accordance with yet another suitable arrangement, the criticalregister states may first be dumped into an external memory. As shown inFIG. 15, programmable device 10 may include an extraction/loadingcontrol logic 1500 that is coupled to critical registers 30′ and that iscapable of retrieving the critical register states and passing them toexternal memory 360 via path 1502. In general, data stored in externalmemory 360 is fairly easy to track and/or migrate to other systems. Thisallows all critical register data to be migrated as a bundle. Accessingexternal memory 360 is also fairly straightforward by using a genericdriver for triggering load and unload state operations (e.g., using apre-defined protocol over a standard interface).

The embodiments of FIGS. 9-15 describing extraction and/or loading ofcritical register states are merely exemplary. These embodiments are notmutually exclusive and may be implemented individually or in anysuitable combination to help improve the efficiency of live migration,debugging, and retiming (e.g., by retiming only specially demarcatedregisters) operations or to help improve the maximum operating frequencyof integrated circuit 10 (e.g., by inserting more pipelining registersnear critical registers).

The embodiments thus far have been described with respect to integratedcircuits. The methods and apparatuses described herein may beincorporated into any suitable circuit. For example, they may beincorporated into numerous types of devices such as programmable logicdevices, application specific standard products (ASSPs), and applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs). Examples of programmable logicdevices include programmable arrays logic (PALs), programmable logicarrays (PLAs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), electricallyprogrammable logic devices (EPLDs), electrically erasable programmablelogic devices (EEPLDs), logic cell arrays (LCAs), complex programmablelogic devices (CPLDs), and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), justto name a few.

The programmable logic device described in one or more embodimentsherein may be part of a data processing system that includes one or moreof the following components: a processor; memory; IO circuitry; andperipheral devices. The data processing can be used in a wide variety ofapplications, such as computer networking, data networking,instrumentation, video processing, digital signal processing, or anysuitable other application where the advantage of using programmable orre-programmable logic is desirable. The programmable logic device can beused to perform a variety of different logic functions. For example, theprogrammable logic device can be configured as a processor or controllerthat works in cooperation with a system processor. The programmablelogic device may also be used as an arbiter for arbitrating access to ashared resource in the data processing system. In yet another example,the programmable logic device can be configured as an interface betweena processor and one of the other components in the system.

Although the methods of operations were described in a specific order,it should be understood that other operations may be performed inbetween described operations, described operations may be adjusted sothat they occur at slightly different times or described operations maybe distributed in a system which allows occurrence of the processingoperations at various intervals associated with the processing, as longas the processing of the overlay operations are performed in a desiredway.

The foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this inventionand various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art. Theforegoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in anycombination.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of operating an integrated circuit thatincludes a plurality of registers, wherein a subset of the plurality ofregisters comprises critical registers storing critical register states,the method comprising: using the plurality of registers to supportoperation of the integrated circuit; and with register state accesscircuitry, extracting only the critical register states from thecritical registers during runtime of the integrated circuit.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein an application is implemented on theintegrated circuit, and wherein extracting only the critical registerstates from the critical registers during runtime of the integratedcomprises migrating the application to another integrated circuit. 3.The method of claim 2, further comprising hosting the application on theanother integrated circuit after the migration.
 4. The method of claim1, wherein the register state access circuitry is not coupled to othernon-critical registers in the plurality of registers.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: with the register state access circuitry,loading data into the critical registers.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein extracting only the critical register states from the criticalregisters comprises using generic drivers from a standard interface toread data out from the critical registers.
 7. The method of claim 1,further comprising: conveying the extracted critical register states toan external memory that is coupled to the integrated circuit.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: using the integrated circuit tocommunicate with a host processor running virtual machines; andoperating the integrated circuit as a virtual function hardwareaccelerator for the virtual machines running on the host processor.
 9. Amethod of using integrated circuit design tools implemented on computingequipment to design an integrated circuit, the method comprising:forming a plurality of registers on the integrated circuit; identifyinga subset of the plurality of registers as critical registers that storecritical register states; and forming state extraction circuitry that iscoupled to the identified subset of critical registers.
 10. The methodof claim 9, wherein the critical register states are sufficient toconfigure an application running on the integrated circuit, and whereinthe critical register states need to be extracted by the stateextraction circuitry during a migration event that migrates theapplication from the integrated circuit to another integrated circuit.11. The method of claim 9, wherein forming the state extractioncircuitry also includes forming state loading circuitry that loads datainto the critical registers.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein formingthe state extraction circuitry comprises leveraging existing debugcircuitry on the integrated circuit to access the critical registers.13. The method of claim 9, wherein forming the state extractioncircuitry comprises leveraging existing field programmable gate logic(FPGA) programming logic on the integrated circuit to access thecritical registers.
 14. The method of claim 9, wherein forming stateextraction circuitry comprises forming multiplexing circuitry at inputsand outputs of the critical registers.
 15. The method of claim 9,wherein identifying the subset of the plurality of registers as criticalregisters comprises using synthesis directives in a hardware descriptionto demarcate the critical registers.
 16. A method, comprising: runningan application on a first circuit, wherein the first circuit isconfigured to store a plurality of register states; and migrating theapplication from the first circuit to a second circuit by extractingonly a subset of the plurality of register states and transferring theextracted subset of register states to the second circuit.
 17. Themethod of claim 16, further comprising running the application on thesecond circuit after the migrating.
 18. The method of claim 16, whereinthe first circuit comprises a first processor, and wherein the secondcircuit comprises a second processor that is separate from the firstprocessor.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the first circuitcomprises a first integrated circuit die, and wherein the second circuitcomprises a second integrated circuit die that is separate from thefirst integrated circuit die.
 20. The method of claim 16, furthercomprising deactivating the first circuit after migrating theapplication from the first circuit to the second circuit.